In this chapter Kolbert addresses the role that homo sapiens may have played in wiping out Neanderthals. Neanderthals were proven to have been a smart species specializing in the making of tools including blades and scrapers made from stone flakes. Some argue that homo sapiens killed off the neanderthal species through interbreeding. Kolbert visits the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany were neanderthal fossils were first discovered. In analyzing the fossils scientists were able to see distinctions in bone structure revealing that they belonged to a different species than Homo Sapiens. Neanderthals were at first thought to be uncivilized creatures but after World War II scientists concluded that Neanderthals were not slouchy and hairy but in fact shared close resemblance to that of Homo Sapiens. Through DNA it is shown that Neanderthals could possibly shape the genetics of many modern humans.The theory of evolution is that humans first lived in Africa 200 million years ago and migrated across the globe to Europe, Asia, the Americas and Australia. This theory is known as “Out of Africa.” A relevant theme is human survival depends on developing practices that will achieve sustainable systems since what makes homo sapiens themselves is deemed the way they interact with one another. Homo Sapiens have proven to be very intelligent as far as evolution goes and in comparison to Neanderthals.
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