Chapter 2: The Mastodon’s Molars

      In chapter two author Elizabeth Kolbert explores the meaning of the idea of extinction. She studies Georges Cuvier, the man who studied the fossils of the American mastodon where he concluded that the species existed in the past. Previous to Cuvier's discovery, the idea of extinction was frowned upon and incredibly controversial due to religious beliefs. Due to this, there were many arguments about who the bones actually belonged to, one French scientist claiming it came from a hippopotamus. Nevertheless, On April 4th, 1796 and after extensive study, Cuvier declared the bones located in Ohio and Russia belonged to “lost creatures” harmed by multiple cataclysmic events. Cuvier's studies made him incredibly popular and praised even after extensive ridicule. Nevertheless, Kolbert does point out that his whole scientific process was not at all perfect. In fact, he debated with Jean-Baptiste about evolution and mutation. Jean- Baptiste believed that animals could change their bodies throughout time. He used the necks of giraffes as an example, saying they adapted long necks to obtain nutrients on tall trees. Cuvier disagreed saying that it was impossible and that animals could not mutate, however, he still wanted to understand the reason behind species dying out. Therefore, he proposed many ideas such as a great disaster that completely removed multiple species. This idea was forgotten after a study confirmed layers on fossils, leading Cuvier to believe multiple cataclysmic events led to the horrific extinctions. While reading, the major theme that stood out was science is a process. (R)  As the world continues to advance, the way we understand the world also changes. With new technology, we are able to make simple discoveries in the comfort of our own homes. Many even say that there's nothing left to be discovered, I disagree. Every day is an ability to look and investigate and find an answer to what you're questioning. When you're stuck in a place without curiosity or opening of other ideas, you will never find your answer. Similar to Cuvier when it states, “Later, as his list of extinct species grew, his position changed. There had, he decided, been multiple cataclysms. Life on Earth has often been disturbed by terrible events… Living organisms without number have been the victims of these catastrophes” (p.44). Cuvier constantly put down the idea of his counterparts not realizing everyone's ideas can add on to the discoveries, along with as time progresses you get to learn more.